Download fulltext pdf apple proliferation phytoplasma influences the pattern of plant volatiles emitted depending on pathogen virulence article pdf available january 2016 with 376 reads. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, 544. It was reported in the 1930s and initially called elm phloem necrosis. Tcp binding and destabilization akiko sugio cell and developmental biology, the john innes centre, norwich, uk. Acholeplasma are wallless bacteria in the mollicutes class.
The genomes of acholeplasma species range in size from 1. Knowledge of their biology and the mechanisms of their interactions with hosts is largely unknown because they are uncultivable and experimentally inaccessible in their. The biosynthesis of epa occurs through a series of reactions that can be divided into two distinct steps. Pdf apple proliferation phytoplasma influences the. The phytoplasma is highly pleomorphic, approximately 200 to 800 nm in diameter. The phytoplasmas and phytoplasma vectors in cost fa0807 international countries almond witches broom phytoplasma. Formerly known as mlo mycoplasma like organism, they are the smallest among the bacteria. Rojasmartinez encyclopedia of life support systems eolss precise recognition events that must occur between the two organisms. In july 2010, cacti with typical phytoplasma symptoms were observed in yangling district, shaanxi province, china. Phytoplasmas are obligate bacterial parasites of plant phloem tissue and of the insect vectors. Accurate identification, differentiation, and quantification of phyllodycausing phytoplasmas are essential for. The small phytoplasma virulence effector sap11 contains distinct domains required for nuclear targeting and cin. The phytoplasma is bounded with a trilaminar cytoplasmic membrane but lacks a rigid cell wall seemuller, 1990. Elm yellows is a widespread and serious phytoplasma disease of elm trees, in particular in the eastern half of the usa.
Phylogenetic analysis indicated that croatian isolates share a common origin and are closely related to strains of ca. Phytoplasmas reside endocellularly within the plant phloem and insects, which feed from phloem. Symptoms induced in infected plants suggest that these phytopathogens may modulate developmental processes within the plant host. A phytoplasma was detected in golden beard grass chrysopogon acicalatus displaying white leaf symptoms near vegetative fields at the tatkone region in myanmar, 2011. First report of fruit tree phytoplasmas and their psyllid vectors in bosnia and erzegovina. Phytoplasmas are a group of bacteria that are associated with hundreds of plant diseases. Links wongkaew p, hanboonsong y, sirithorn p, choosai c, boonkrong s, tinnangwattana t, kitchareonpanya r, damak s 1997 differentiation of phytoplasmas associated with sugarcane and gramineous weed white leaf disease and sugarcane grassy shoot disease by rflp and sequencing. Phyllody, a destructive and economically important disease worldwide caused by phytoplasma infections, is characterized by the abnormal development of floral structures into stunted leafy parts and contributes to serious losses in crop plants, including sesame sesamum indicum l.
We report herein that aster yellows phytoplasma strain witches broom aywb readily infects the model plant. Pm 73 1 generic detection of phytoplasmas eppo global. During 2010, samples from several apple trees displaying proliferation symptoms were collected throughout the czech republic to verify identity of phytoplasmas detected in association with the disease. Pd phytoplasma by cacopsylla pyri in spain has been studied. The norwegian scientific committee for food safety vkm considers that there is an overall probability that the pathogen candidatus phytoplaasma mali ap might spread in norway and cause extensive economic damage to apple producers and nurseries. The insect vector cacopsylla picta vertically transmits. Cellwallfree pathogenic bacteria in the class mollicutes that cause plant diseases, usually referred to as yellows. Due to their economical importance and the difficulties involved in the experimental study of these obligate pathogens, genome sequencing and comparative analysis have been utilized as powerful tools to understand phytoplasma biology. Documents about cacopsylla pyri psylpi this website uses cookies our website uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best possible online experience. In several european countries apple trees are affected by apple proliferation disease, which is usually associated with the presence of candidatus phytoplasma mali. Pdf candidatus phytoplasma mali infected cacopsylla. The amino acids cysteine, methionine and tryptophan are absent in sandal spike phytoplasma. Significant differences were only observed in the sequence of a gene that encodes an immunodominant membrane protein.
In the second system, phytoplasmas are classified into candidatus phytoplasma species, based on the nucleotide sequence of the 16s rrna gene. Phytoplasma asteris associated with aster yellows, ca. The insect vector cacopsylla picta vertically transmits the bacterium candidatus phytoplasma mali to its progeny c. Detection and molecular characterization of cactus witches. We do not use these to store personal information about you. Download fulltext pdf candidatus phytoplasmas mali. Candidatus phytoplasma mali, candidatus phytoplasma pyri and candidatus phytoplasma prunorum, the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and european stone fruit yellows, respectively. Candidatus phytoplasma mali is found in the sieve tubes of the current seasons phloem. Phytoplasma ulmi in croatia was determined by sequencing of the 16s rrna gene, ribosomal protein genes rpl22 and rps3, secy and secymap genes, in 62 phytoplasma isolates. Candidatus phytoplasma, a taxon for the wallless, non. Candidatus phytoplasma mali bulletin of insectology. Multiplex realtime qpcr assay for simultaneous and sensitive. When referring to this abstract, please use its digital object identifier and cite namesforlife. The disease causes a rapid, general decline of american elms, such as ulmus americana and u.
The small phytoplasma virulence effector sap11 contains. Phytoplasmas are transmitted by planthoppers and leafhoppers in the order hemiptera. Candidatus phytoplasma mali, candidatus phytoplasma prunorum. Rather, transposonmediated horizontal transfer of effectors between the pnwb phytoplasma and ca. Candidatus phytoplasma solani, the causal agent of the black wood of grapevine, is a bacterial phytoplasma species of the 16srxii group. To date four complete phytoplasma genome sequences have been. The first comprehensive phytoplasma classification scheme was based on rflp analysis of pcramplified 16s rdna, providing a reliable means for the differentiation of a broad array of phytoplasmas and has become the most comprehensive and. Bois noir phytoplasma induces significant reprogramming. Phytoplasmas are bacteria without cell walls from the class mollicutes. In other cases, a single insect species has the ability to transmit more than one phytoplasma, e.
Phytoplasmas are associated to diseases of more than plant species 2. Methods of spread are unknown for any of them, except for movement in stem cuttings used for planting. Impact cassava is the third most important crop in the tropics after rice and maize in terms of calories produced. Janika alaimburg research centre for agriculture and forestry, laimburg 6 pfatten vadena, 39040 auer, bolzano. Until more information on this phytoplasma is available, it is proposed that the pylr phytoplasma should be regarded as a subtype of candidatus phytoplasma pyri.
Thus, 6 of 28 apples showing typical proliferation symptoms such as witchesbroom and chlorotic leaves with enlarged stipules. In the period 19982012 important crop loses have been caused by phytoplasma diseases of fruit crops e. Unlike the pattern for all proteincoding genes, independent losses of ancestral effectors in the pnwb phytoplasma and ca. Phytoplasma effector sap54 induces indeterminate leaflike. Phytoplasma mali associated with apple proliferation, ca. The species are found on animals, and some plants and insects. They are obligate intracellular plant pathogens which cause diseases in hundreds of economically important plants including the grapevine vitis vinifera. Candidatus phytoplasma mali, candidatus phytoplasma. Curkovi cpericab adepartment of biology, university of j. Phytoplasmas have very small genomes, with extremely small amount of g and c nucleotides sometimes as little as 23%, which is thought to be the lower threshold for a viable genome.
General information about candidatus phytoplasma pyri phyppy name language. Candidatus phytoplasma phoenicium bmc microbiology biomed. Bottner usdaars molecular plant pathology laboratory, beltsville, md 20705, usa received 30 june 2005. Candidatus phytoplasma luffae, a novel taxon associated with witches broom disease of loofah, luffa aegyptica mill. The first comprehensive phytoplasma classification scheme was based on rflp analysis of pcramplified 16s rdna, providing a reliable means for the differentiation of a broad array of phytoplasmas and has become the most comprehensive and widely accepted phytoplasma classification system. Ipwg international phytoplasmologist working group. Phytoplasma brasiliense associated with hibiscus witchesbroom in brazil, ca. Phytoplasmas are insecttransmitted bacterial plant pathogens that cause considerable damage to a diverse range of agricultural crops globally. Apple proliferation, european stone fruit yellows, pear decline and grapevine bois noir, flavescence doree in slovenia. Pdf potential psyllid vectors of candidatus phytoplasma. Affected plants showed total or partial leaf chlorosis, foliar. Based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of pcramplified 16s rrna genes, including the 16s23s spacer region and part of the 23s rrna gene, the phytoplasma was identified as a member of the bermuda.
Molecular characterization of elm yellows phytoplasmas in. Identification of host genes potentially implicated in the malus pumila and candidatus phytoplasma mali interactions. Cacopsylla pyri psylpidocuments eppo global database. Multiplex realtime qpcr assay for simultaneous and.
An emerging problem in the pacific northwest usa is a purpletop disease caused by a clover proliferation group phytoplasma vectored primarily, but not exclusively, by beet leafhopper. Phytoplasma phoenicium associated with almond lethal disease. Phytoplasma castaneae associated with chestnut witchesbroom in korea, ca. Impact cassava is the third most important crop in the tropics after rice. An emerging problem in the pacific northwest usa is a purpletop disease caused by a clover proliferation group phytoplasma vectored primarily, but not exclusively, by beet leafhopper, circulifer tenellus baker crosslin et al. Thank you to all who attended the 4th meeting of the international phytoplasmologist working group that was held from the 8th to the 12th of september in valencia, spain. Phytoplasma solani is also associated with the tree peony paeonia suffruticosa yellows disease in china.
Sandal spike phytoplasma is a pleomorphic microorganism and are the smallest organism capable of independent replication i. The record derives from tropicos data supplied on 20120418 which reports it as an accepted name record 50325050 with original publication details. The phytoplasma disease mung bean phyllody is now present in pakistan. Knowledge of their biology and the mechanisms of their interactions with hosts is largely unknown because they are uncultivable and experimentally. In the present work, china ixeris fasciation was observed associated with phytoplasmas in guanzhong area, shaanxi. Based on amplification of 16s rrna gene, phytoplasmas were detected by polymerase chain reaction pcr driven with universal primer pairs p1 p7, followed by a nested pcr with universal primer pairs r16f2nr16r2. Mar 12, 20 in several european countries apple trees are affected by apple proliferation disease, which is usually associated with the presence of candidatus phytoplasma mali. In fact, the bermuda grass whiteleaf phytoplasma has a genome size of only 530 kb, one of the smallest known genomes of all living organisms. Phytoplasma collection phytoplasma collection in micropropagated shoots at the phytoplasmology laboratory, plant pathology, dista alma mater studiorum university of bologna, italy more than 140 phytoplasma strains classified on 16sr dna gene are available for exchange with worldwide laboratories working on phytoplasmaassociated diseases. Candidatus phytoplasma mali is a phytopathogenic bacterium of the. Recently also symptom of fasciation was reported associated with phytoplasma presence. Pest risk assessment of apple proliferation phytoplasma. Sequencing the 16s rrna of the oenothera phytoplasma revealed that plantpathogenic phytoplasmas are distinct from animal mycoplasmas lim and sears, 1989. Analysis of expressed genes of the bacterium candidatus.
The norwegian scientific committee for food safety vkm considers that there is an overall probability that the pathogen candidatus phytoplaasma mali ap might spread in norway and cause extensive. The subsequent stepwise desaturation and elongation steps form an. The importance of vector control in the epidemiology of. Candidatus phytoplasma cynodontis associated with white. In the present work, china ixeris fasciation was observed associated with phytoplasmas in guanzhong.
Bois noir phytoplasma induces significant reprogramming of. Phytoplasma ulmi was detected for the first time on bonsai plants of ulmus parvifolia and zelkova serrata in a nursery near ancona marche region. Cacopsylla costalis, vector of candidatus phytoplasma mali in north east italy. In this system, the nucleotide sequences of 16s rrna genes from different phytoplasmas are aligned by a sequence alignment computer program, and the % identities among the sequences are calculated. However, as far as we know, this is the first report of ca phytoplasma asteris in commercial carrots in the uk. Detection and identification of the phytoplasma associated.
Cacopsylla picta as most important vector for candidatus phytoplasma mali in germany and neighbouring regions article pdf available in bulletin of insectology 602 december 2007 with 163 reads. Download fulltext pdf candidatus phytoplasma mali infected cacopsylla picta found in apple orchards in southwestern finland. Phytoplasma diseases on potato appear to increase in importance worldwide. The black wood of grapevine disease is classified as part of the grapevine yellows. Phytoplasmas are always associated with symptoms in host plants such as stunting of stems, witchesbroom, yellowing of leaves, formation of steriledeformed flowers, virescence and phyllody. Distribution top of page as grapevine yellows develop symptoms that are similar whatever the associated phytoplasma, there may still be some confusion regarding the distribution of different grapevine yellows. A network was created in france to obtain data on the seasonal activity of the psyllid cacopsylla pruni, vector of european stone fruit yellows phytoplasma. Continuing to use this website means you agree to our use of cookies. Pdf the insect vector cacopsylla picta vertically transmits.
Naturally they are spread among plants by insect vectors, mainly. Phytoplasma collection phytoplasma collection in micropropagated shoots at the phytoplasmology laboratory, plant pathology, dista alma mater studiorum university of bologna, italy more than 140 phytoplasma strains classified on 16sr dna gene are available for exchange with worldwide laboratories working on phytoplasma associated diseases. Pdf apple proliferation phytoplasma influences the pattern. Molecular characterization of elm yellows phytoplasmas in croatia and their impact on ulmus spp. Comparative analysis of the peanut witchesbroom phytoplasma. Metabolites from algae with economical impact sciencedirect.
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